2017 考博英语 语法基础讲解:动词
动词是表示动作或状态的词,根据其意义和作用,动词可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。动词涉及的内容很多,本书仅就研究生考试中常涉及的动词时态、时态一致以及部分情态动词作深入讲解。
一、时态(Tense)
时态是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式,英语动词的时态有16种,但在研究生考试以及其他考试中常考的时态只有几种。不管何种时态,所包含的主要内容都是相同的,即时态的构成以及用法。本书着重讲解重要时态的用法。
(一)一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)
1. 表示客观真理或科学事实。
例句: The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moons surface is only onesixth of that at the earths surface.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修饰a mass;in consequence后是另一个并列句。
译文: 月球的质量差不多是地球质量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。
例句: One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. By this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.
分析: 该句由两个句子构成,前一个是简单句,后一个句子是复合句;that后是一宾语从句。
译文: 翻译中的一个难点在于找到一个相对应的概念。这就是说,在翻译过程中一种语言的概念会丢失或发生意义上的改变。
2. 表示现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的状态,常与always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等时间状语连用。
例句: Its usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.
分析: 该句是复合句,从句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位语;when后省略了people are。
译文: 人们在暴怒时通常会丧失理智。
例句: Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主干部分为physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分词短语frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定语;从句what is scientifically justified作介词beyond 的宾语。
译文: 医生由于不能够治愈疾病,同时又担心病人失去希望,因而常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法,这些方法远远超过了科学所能认同的界限。
3. 表示按计划进行的将来动作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等词。
例句: When he comes, please inform him of all that I have just told you.
分析: 该句是复合句。该复合句中包含when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的定语从句。
译文: 他来时,请转告他我告诉你的一切。
4. 用在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。
例句: He will come the moment he finishes his work.
分析: 该句中的the moment为连词,意为“一……就”,相当于as soon as。
译文:他一结束工作就会来。
例句: If it is fine tomorrow, well go shopping.
译文: 如果明天天气好的话,我们将去逛商场。
5. 表示主语的能力、性格、个性等。
例句: As an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. (2001年第25题)
分析: 该句是简单句,surpass前省略了不定式to。
译文: 作为一门产业,生物技术在营业额上可以与电子业相媲美,并且到了2020年还有可能在社会影响上超过它。
例句: The director treats his staff as equals.
译文: 主任对其下属一视同仁。
6. 表示格言或警句。
例句: A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
译文: 一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三个帮。
例句: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.
译文: 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
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