考博英语词汇 解答技巧-副词
副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。
(一) 副词的分类
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类:
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。
(二)副词的用法
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly.
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him.
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast.
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind.
5. 修饰不定代词和数词:
Nearly everybody came to out party.
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy.
9. 修饰全句:
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven.
(三)副词的构成
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike,
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。
(四)与形容词同形的副词
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如:
We had an early breakfast.
We had breakfast early.
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。
(五)兼有两种形式的副词
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如:
1. close做“近”解:
He lives close to the school.
He was following close behind.
做其他解释时用closely:
Watch what I do closely.
The prisons were closely guarded.
2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解:
She stopped dead.
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解:
He was dead tired.
The wind was dead against us.
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解,
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。
3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解:
The train goes there direct.
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris.
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly:
He was looking directly at us.
She answered me very directly and openly.
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解:
Answer me directly.
Let's meet directly after lunch.
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句:
They looked around.
Let’s go on with the work.
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。
(六)副词的词序
1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。
The building is very high.
He came long before the appointed time.
2. 副词修饰动词。
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well.
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well.
3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963.
4. 频度副词的位置。
在一般动词前:They always say so.
有be动词时,在be动词后:
I am always busy.
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished.
5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者:
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China.
6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。
地点+状态+次数+时间:
She arrived there safely the other day.
程度十状态+地点十时间:
They played fairly well there yesterday.
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